History of France
United the region covered by France today for the first time in 486 AD. The first King Clovis(Clovis Ier) reunited Germanic tribes under the banner of the tribe of the Franks. New Kingdom included several tribes such as Alolaman (Alamans), Albergndion (Burgondes) andAlgot Westerners (Wisigoths). After the unit broke Kingdom (which was called the country'sGaul) to the kingdoms, to rule all of them sons of a family Almirovengiyn (Mérovingien).United the region covered by France today for the first time in 486 AD. Frenki King Clovis I(Clovis Ier) reunited Germanic tribes under the banner of the tribe of the Franks. New Kingdom included several tribes such as Alolaman (Alamans), Albergndion (Burgondes) andAlgot Westerners (Wisigoths). After the unit broke Kingdom (which was called the country'sGaul) to the kingdoms, to rule all of them sons of a family Almirovengiyn (Mérovingien).
The mid-eighth century AD dissolved strain Alcarawlingiyn (Carolingiens) replacedAlmirovengiyn (Mérovingien) has expanded the Frankish kingdom land.
Frankish empire became the Kingdom with the coronation of Charlemagne (Charlemagne).Department of Charlemagne's vast empire in 806 among his three sons-Pepin, Louis, andCharles. But Pepin died in 810, and Charles in 811, leaving only these sons of Louis, and wasengrossed in the worship Anamaka seemed to him that he ought to govern is a world full ofturmoil and treachery. However, Lewis first despite this may raise the majestic ceremony in813 of the king to the emperor.
And after the death of Louis I divided the Frankish kingdom again. Two of these kingdomsAmrta, Kingdom Vrinkea East (Francia orientalis) formed later Germany and the Kingdom of Vrinkea Bank (Francia occidentalis), which accounted for France. In 842 AD thedescendants of Charlemagne to hold the Department of Strasbourg in Strasbourg (serments de Strasbourg). This document is a contract of the oldest written documents contrastingbilingual (Altodask and Romans) at the time. Is considered by some historians in France this document holding the official birth of the country as well as France and Germany.
Alcarawlinjeon rule (Carolingiens) Frankish kingdom until the year 987 AD. This year has been the culmination of Duke Hugh Capet (Hugues Capet) king of the country and dissolvedso new strain is a strain Kabacin (Capétiens). The descendants of the latter to expand the scope of land ownership (le domaine royal), and have consolidated the foundations of the new state since the 12th century AD. Kabasah dynasty ruled France, either directly orthrough other branches until the French Revolution in 1789 AD.
After the French Revolution, has been dropped and the Royal Proclamation of the Republic.With the establishment of the First Empire French dominated almost the whole of Europe.Shattered these efforts forces the French state in the face of its first enemy the United Kingdom. During the era of the Second Empire (Second Empire) knew the beginning of the country's industrial revolution. With solutions of the Third Republic (troisième République)France became the colonial empire owns vast stretches from Africa to Asia.
Despite graduating from a victorious war Wars I and II. Cost of these recent significant losses in human lives and economic resources. France was lucky Banzmamha in the Western camp. I knew the country's period of significant growth over the past three decadesthat followed the war (30 glorieuses).
Since 1958 and with the establishment of the Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) becamethe country's democratic presidential system (the president is elected by the people, andenjoy greater powers). The goal was to withstand the storms that affected the countrybefore and that did not work in the system of parliamentary republic stopped.
Since the year 1990, then allowed reconcile cooperation of Germany and France for the two countries to act as the engine in the new European construction. I knew the policy of the two countries with the successful establishment of the European Common Market. TodayFrance is leading the movement want to give Europe greater political role in the world.
Geographic France
While the main section is located to France in Western Europe, France also formed of landin North America, the Caribbean, South America, Western Indian Ocean and the South, the North and South Pacific, and Antarctica (not recognized by most countries).
France has a large variety of landscapes, ranging from coastal plains in the north and west,where the juxtaposition of France, the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, to the mountains in the south-western region and the Alps in the south-eastern region, which contains the highest point in Western Europe (4810 meters). In the middle regions of high, rocky andheavily wooded, in addition to comprehensive river basin.
Because of its divisions overseas numerous territories scattered in all the oceans of the planet, France has the second largest special economic zones (EEZ) in the world, covering11,035,000 km 2, just behind the Special Economic Zone of the United States (11.351.000square kilometers), and by region Special Economic Australia (8.232.000 square kilometers).Cover the special economic zone in France about 8% of the total surface of each special economic zones of the world, while the size of the area of the French Republic only 0.45% ofthe total land area of the Earth
Government and Politics
Has been the adoption of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic by a public referendum onthe September 28, 1958. This Constitution limits the powers of government (executive branch) in front of the parliament (legislative power). According to the constitution is elected President of the Republic to the custody of the five-year term (the period is 7 years).The president thanks to his powers ensuring the functioning of the public authorities andthe continuity of the state institutions. The latter appoints the prime minister, also chairs themeetings of the government, leads the armed forces and conclude agreements.
National Assembly (Assemblée nationale) is the legislative authority first in the country.MPs are elected Council (Algriqh first) every five years. Senate (Sénat) The room of the second parliament, its members and has since the year 2004 the custody period of 6 years(she was 9 years old). This Council has limited powers. In the event of disagreement with the first room given preliminary to the National Council.
Economy France
France's economy integrates the work of a free comprehensive (about 2.5 million registeredcompany). Government retains great influence on key pieces of infrastructure construction sectors, the king of the majority of companies, railways, electricity, aircraft, and communication. The government is slowly liquidate the quotas in France Telecom, Air France, as well as insurance, banking, and defense factories.
France, a member of a group of leading industrialized nations, its economy class fifth-largest economy in the world in 2004, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. France joined 10 other EU members to launch the euro on January 1, 1999,with the European coins and banknotes, which completely replaced the French franc in early 2002.
According to the report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OCED), in 2004 France was the fifth-largest exporter of manufactured goods in the world,after the United States, Germany, Japan, and China, (but before the United Kingdom). She was also the fourth-largest importer of manufactured goods (after the United States,Germany, and China, and by the United Kingdom and Japan).
Also according to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OCED), in2003 France was a member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which received more foreign direct investment. B 47 billion USD of foreign direct investment, France ranked by the United States (39.9 billion dollars), and the United Kingdom (14.6 billion dollars), and Germany (12.9 billion dollars), and Japan (6.3 billiondollars).
At the same time, invested by French companies 57.3 billion U.S. dollars outside of France,make of that classification France as the second most important direct investor outside of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, after the United States (173.8 billion dollars), and by the United Kingdom (55.3 billion dollars), and Japan (USD 28.8 billion), Germany (2.6 billion dollars).
France also considers the country's second-largest producer in the Organization ofEconomic Cooperation and Development (except Norway and Luxembourg). In 2003, theGDP per Saahaml in France 47.2 USD, where ranked France after Belgium (48 USD per hour),and by the United States (43.5 USD per hour), and Germany (40.6 USD per hour), and the United Kingdom (37.7 USD per hour), and Japan (30.9 USD per hour).
Although the rate of production is higher than the United States, GDP per capita is lowerFrance of American GDP per capita. In fact, in 2003, 41.5% of the population of France are working, compared to 50.7% in the United States, and 47.3% in the United Kingdom. This phenomenon is the result of thirty years of massive unemployment in France, which led tothree results reduce the size of the working people: about 10% of the population without work; students are delaying their entry into the labor market whenever possible; give the French government different incentives to workers to retire early in Khmsinathm, with itsubsides currently.
As many economists stressed repeatedly over the years that the main issue of the French economy is not the issue of the production rate. In their view, is the issue of fundamental reforms, in order to increase the number of employees of the year.
With more than 75 million foreign tourists in 2003, France classified Kalatjah first tourist in the world, by Spain (52.5 million) and the United States (40.4 million). As for France citieshave high cultural interest (such as Paris), and the beaches and seaside resorts, and ski resorts, and rural areas enjoy the beauty and tranquility.
France is the largest independent power Western countries because of the heavy investmentin nuclear power, which makes France the smallest producer of carbon dioxide among theseven largest industrial nations in the world. Large areas of fertile land, the application ofmodern technology, and the collection of European subsidies have made France a leadingagricultural producer in Europe.
Education in France
France has a reputation for education, universities French famous Btakrejeha scientistshave won the Nobel Prize, however, differs from university education in France stages for the rest of the world, we find BA Awalmitris (Licence / Maîtrise) in Undergraduate the firstof which corresponds to the degree of Bachelor or (Bachelor) in other countries, and a certificate of advanced studies Diplôme d'études approfondies) DEA) in the second phase, which is equivalent degree or master's (Master) known. There are many countries thatapply the French model of higher education, such as Switzerland, Belgium, some areas ofthe Canadian Francophonie, and some Arab countries such as Morocco, Tunisia and Lebanon.
Also varies the French model of university dividing universities to departments and collegeson the basis of numeric or alphabetical order according to the county, we find, for example,the University of Paris (University of Paris 1 Sorbonne 0.2 Paris Asesas, to No. 13, ParisNorth), and the University has more than 300 000 students. Each college and a short namelike (IEP) and Political Studies (HEC) Business Studies and Higher Economic known or b(Business School) in Anglo-Saxon countries.
There is agreement between the university modern European countries, known as theConvention on the Bologna (Bologna), This agreement aims to unify systems and the names of all undergraduate degrees in European universities to facilitate the procedures for the transition and the work of students and graduates in the European Union
First Paris
The most prominent landmarks Eiffel Tower and the Champs Elysees Avenue Chorallamonths and months
Cafes where the cafe Alfokih
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Champs-Elysées
There Champs Elysees in which the finest and most luxurious cruise the streets the whole world because he
There luxuries Aoariqy boutiques and international brands and high-end restaurants such as
Restaurant Pizza Pino and also where there is a cafe and Rdidor Ktherhfaha cafes
On the side of the pavement and roads
Gardens
And a forest park Balonea famous and where there is a lake Favorites
For lovers of romance and atmosphere, as well as gentle exercises where most of the population
Walking and running in the corners of the park and passes by the River Seine and hasamended
River Seine so that enters into the center of the capital Paris and opened up fully half
City Games Disney Europe
And just half an hour on the highway, France, Germany no city
Games Europcar famous Disney (Walt Design) In the city, there are Disney Land
Five or six hotels at various levels, restaurants and all the services and also
The Games for all ages where senior and junior
Restaurants
There are no restaurants in Paris Clips offers an Arabic dishes Restaurants
Very upscale restaurant like SAI, which overlooks the River Seine
There is in the neighborhood south of the capital Alatyna a neighborhood inhabited by theArabs
North Africa, from Morocco and Algeria
Most of the tourists are Arabs from bays and those who prefer to walk throughout the period
Evening in the Champs Elysées, moving between cafes and restaurants
Street and Avenue Champs Elysees, or start from a pool of several ways or main streetsconverge
At the roundabout at the gate of the Arc de Triomphe and then you end the street to theroundabout field basket
Epehriah dBase where the most often or are held by national presentations and military
Walking and touring
Walking on the street, this is where the truth Amusement wide sidewalk and shops
Big high-end people crowded the day and night
Roads in Paris cobblestone old Antbaa which gives a distinctive and attractive
When the tourist as well as the beauty of its buildings and old houses and some of which upto age
For three or four centuries, and there are also distinctive buildings Speaking
An idea of the price
For Asarefha very expensive, especially in the area where the Champs Elysees
Venjal coffee can fetch up to nearly $ 12 boundaries in a cafe Alfokih
The famous Louvre and the Eiffel Tower and the gardens under the tower ...
The best ways to get to the city for the Games is Disney rarest Ground
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Champs Elysees begins arch victory
ARC DE TRIOMPHE and a height of 110 meters to Ayasl if Talaath
Panorama gives you the Canzalise in the grandest of it
Features:
Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower .. the highest place in Paris .. height of 276 meters and looked to him only by elevator and stairs (BAA Hin) and is open from 9 o'clock to 12 o'clock at night ..
Louvre ..
Of the most famous museums in the world and its location behind the Place de la Concordeat the end of Elly Canzalise .. and the months of the plate .. who is the Mona Lisa ..
Defense arc or not Devans Grande Arche de la Défense bow this Saer in exchange for the Arc de Triomphe, but in a remote location
Monmart or Munmachtg Butte Montartre & Basilique du Sacre Coeur
Munbagnas montparnasse and these tallest building in Europe to rise to 209 meters Ayasland the restaurant overlooking the entire Paris (We are Glad Paljlob?)
Seine River
A length of 13 kilometers Islands where tours on ships in the river takes its name BatimohVic .. roll on the river and the ships in which restaurants hit the Ashoh Rayeq
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Amusements:
Disneyland Paris Disny Land Paris
It lies 25 kilometers from the center of Paris .. The estimated Trouh her car or by train orbus .. area Aldisney a resort full .. I mean received hotels, gardens and parks, andrestaurants such as Planet Hollywood .. and for amusement first Matdkhalha receivedMcCain sells cards called Fast Pass Fast Pass
Asterix Parc Asterix theme park
Beautiful parks and away from the center of Paris, 36 km
Aqua Aqua Boulevard Boulevard City Water magnificence .. for adults and children
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Gardens:
Gardens Paris many hair of my head, but Bnzkr months Alhaúq contained therein
Jardin de Cham de Mar Jardin du Champ de Mars
Forest Bologna Bois de Boulogne
These are not the forest planner airport! (ÍÇÚíäí the analogy) these are in the jungle
The midst of gardens and lakes .. and Aamehla play where Koura
Parc du Parc de Moncesu Minso
Garden this Rayeq strongly ..
And its location in the north of Canzalise
Tileirah Jardin du Jardin Des Tuileries garden where humans and sweet! It is about CanzElise Dzbilh (before)
And the amusement park sweet ..
Garden Plant
Markets:
Months ... but the market is located in Paris Alqaleri Lafayette GALERIES LAFAYETTE
It is in the area or the Paris Opera 9 on Boulevard Street Osman boulevard Haussmann ..and consists of seven or eight Eduar..oafath of the text at 9 am to 7 pm and text in thismarket .. anything .. Horn ups! This is what we know about Halsouk
Some French words traded
: (Of course instead of adults and ra ta b V)
Good morning: Bonjour, good evening: Bonsuar, how are you: Common Sava
, Okay: Takgibian, to the meeting: Aorovoar, Goodnight: Bonn Wei,
My name is glamor: hay I mean Joe Mabel glamor, speak French: Baglifo
Fgansa, please: torrent Fu BLE, very much: Migsa Boko,
Well: Dacourt, yes: Wei, No: No, excuse me: Xakyuzmoa, sorry:
Bardon, ßíÝßă: Common Alifu 0.1: Online 0.2: Du 0.3: Troyes 0.4: CUTTER
0.5: tongue 0.6: Cees 0.7: Sete 0.8: Wet 0.9: Nov (Aamehla Halno.)
0.10: Dis, Couched Bashovikm: Anchantah Dovovoar, I: Moi, you are:
Just, is: Il, days from Saturday to Friday: Zamudi, Dimanche,
Lindy, Mardi, Mircoda, Judy, Vantroda.
Money
Elly Legge Paris and socket with traveler's checks .. Usually the Thomas Cook
Or American Express ..mchklh shops and restaurants in Paris Mayatervon many
In traveler's checks ..many Halkalam you Ibelk transformation into Cash ..
If I walked to the money changers ordinary Beachdo commission, and most of them take their 3% ..lkn
Estimated transformation without a commission from the company who Petrdja theguardian for your checks ..
Thomas Cook branches scattered everywhere Canz Elise, but the three
Branches of them! And the opera who know where the two ... As for the American
Express Hdhula ills of their branches near their branch but few exist in the area
Opera and their status to receive a large and clear .. and Asrauwenhm present in the basement of the center ..
But Matnssa answer if your passport Jet acted! If you answer no to prove the second
Mayatervoa necessary passport ..
Mobility in Paris
Either by subway or taxi .. Metro first Chi show
Circus line and station who ĘČí Tmchelha Then cut ticket price of almost
The text of 1 euro and connects you to the place ... Elly Horn and Mark aimed ticket ifentered ..
Because the police sometimes monastery inspection campaigns on the ticket if the ticketMalqgua
Entered in Sen and Mark C. .. and .. their tactics of pickpockets in large ...
The taxi from morning 7 to 7 for the evening differ Tsairth after 7 pm
In the evening .. Of course, in the evening and be more expensive! Prohibited you from anystopover
Place .. to take it off when necessary attitude Altkasa and received a plaque reading TAXI
Pejic and stopped underneath the taxi ..
Restaurants Check visit:
Restaurant Le Grand Cafe Le Grand Cafe in the Opera area and restaurants
Elly open 24 hours, specializes in seafood and eat them Khiaaaaaaaaaala
Hippopotamus Restaurant Hipbotamo specialist plastic and American cuisine ..
It has many branches and one in the street Off Canzalise and in the
Area before Alqrand Opera Cafe and many other
Maxim restaurant Maxim's street Rue Royale restaurants sour hand
Prices, but that His Excellency tells means Maalih words ..
Entrecote Restaurant .. in which two types of restaurants Entrecote in Paris and one luxury
Aafath times and only after 6 pm the evening and frankly what I remember the name of the street
But I call street juices Ashan its restaurants in large .. a fork in the road
Francois ... from the first and second type of restaurants Entrecote received in this
Each shop .. and famous dish Alantrcot who is Hraih Steak and fried potatoes
Thieves and yellow color in a password Hatabkhh and restaurant Maigdm only Hatabq
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